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- Safi, L. (1996). Islam and the Global Challenge: Dealing With Distortion of the Image of Islam by Global Media. Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, No. 2, 191-202.
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- Shadid. (2002). Legacy Of The Prophet: Despots, Democrats, And The New Politics Of Islam . Amazon.
- Uenal, F. (2016). Disentangling Islamophobia: The Differential Effects of Symbolic, Realistic,and Terroristic Threat Perceptions as Mediators Between Social Dominance Orientation and Islamophobia. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2016, Vol. 4(1), 66-90, doi:10.5964/jspp.v4i1.463.
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- Ahmed, M. I. (2020). Representation of Islam and muslims on social media: a discourse analysis of facebook. Journal of Media Critiques.
- Asad, T. (2003). Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Back, M. D. (2010). Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealization. Psychological Science, 21, 372-374.
- Balzac. (2010). Honoré de Balzac . French Studies, Volume 64, Issue 4, 463-470, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/knq107.
- Bonansinga. (2018).
- CAP. (2011). Understanding Sharia Law Conservatives' Skewed Interpretation Needs Debunking.
- Cesari, J. (2012). Securitization of Islam in Europe. Die Welt Des Islams, 52(3/4), 430-449. Retrieved January 6, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41722006.
- Clarke, S. (2003). Social theory, psychoanalysis and racism. . London: Palgrave.
- Douglas, K. (2005). Understanding Cyberhate: Social Competition and Social Creativity in Online White Supremacist Groups. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 68-76.
- Dunn, K. M. (2001). 'Representations of Islam in the Politics of Mosque Development in Sydney'. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 92(3), 291 - 308.
- Eid, M. ( 2014). Perceptions about Muslims in western societies. In M. E. Karim, Re-imagining the other: Culture, media, and western-Muslim intersections (pp. (pp. 99-120)). NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Ekman, M. (2015). Online Islamophobia and the Politics of Fear: Manufacturing the Green Scare. Ethnic and Racial Studies 38, 1986-2002.
- El-Aswad, E. (2013). Images of Muslims in Western Scholarship and Media after 9/11. Digest of Middle East Studies - Volume 22, Number 1 -, 39-56.
- EUMC. (2002). EUMC, Anti-Islamic Reactions within the European Union after the Acts of Terror against the USA.Country Report of the Netherlands r 2001,Vienna: EUMC, 2002.
- European, I. R. (2016, April). December 2017, Available online: http: //www.islamophobiaeurope.com
- Evolvi, G. (2018). Hate in a Tweet: Exploring Internet-Based Islamophobic Discourses. Journal of Religion, 9,307.
- FAIR. (2001). Introduction of the Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism. Retrieved March 20, 2020, from www.fairuk.org
- Feldman, M. (2012). From Radical-right Islamophobia to ‘Cumulative Extremism. Faith. Retrieved December 2017, from http://faith-matters.org/images/pdf/islamophobia.pdf.
- Halliday. (1999). Islam and the Myth of Confrontation. 1st ed. New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers.
- Hirsi, A. A. (2010). Nomad: From Islam to America. New York: Simon & Schuster Publishers.
- Hoffman. (2015). http:// nationalinterest.org/print/feature/isis-here-return-the-jihadi-14600?page=4
- Iqbal, Z. (2010). Islamophobia or Islamophobias: Towards Developing a Process Model. Islamic Studies 49, no. 1, 81-101.
- Iqbal, Z. (2020). Islamophobia: History, Context and Deconstruction. Uk: SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd ISBN: 9789353286958.
- Jaishankar, K. (2008). Cyber Hate: Antisocial networking in the internet. International Journal of Ctber Criminology, 16-20.
- Jilani, Z. (2011, February 2011). http://thinkprogress.org/2011/02/08/Sharia-states/
- Leibold, J. (2010). Xenophobia and Islamophobia: Facts about the relationship between general and specific prejudices. In T. G. Schneiders, Islamfeindlichkeit (pp. pp. 149-158). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
- Mama, T. (2016). A Constructed Threat: Identity, Prejudice, and the Impact of Anti-Muslim Hatred. London: Tell Mama Annual Report.
- Mirza. (2013). Embodying the Veil: Muslim Women and Gendered Islamophobia in ‘New Times'. In: Gross Z., Davies L., Diab AK. (eds) Gender, Religion and Education in a Chaotic Postmodern World. Springer, Dordrecht.
- Mullen, E. (2004). Political tolerance and coming to psychological closure following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks: An integrative approach. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 30, 743-756.
- Oswald, D. (2005). Understanding anti-Arab reactions post-9/11: The role of threats, social categories, and personal ideologies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 35, 1775-1799.
- Richnovska. (2014). Securitization and the Power of Threat Framing. Perspectives: Review of International Affairs 22 (2), 9-32.
- Runnymede, T. (1997). Islamophobia - Islamophobia: A challenge for us all. The Runnymede Trust. Available online: . United Kingdom: Runnymede Trust. http: //www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/islamophobia.pdf
- Sabri, C. (2012). Islamophobia and Threat Perceptions: Explaining Anti Muslim Sentiment in the West. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 32(3).
- Safi, L. (1996). Islam and the Global Challenge: Dealing With Distortion of the Image of Islam by Global Media. Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, No. 2, 191-202.
- Schmid, A. (2016). http://dx.doi. org/10.19165/2016.1.04.
- Shadid. (2002). Legacy Of The Prophet: Despots, Democrats, And The New Politics Of Islam . Amazon.
- Uenal, F. (2016). Disentangling Islamophobia: The Differential Effects of Symbolic, Realistic,and Terroristic Threat Perceptions as Mediators Between Social Dominance Orientation and Islamophobia. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2016, Vol. 4(1), 66-90, doi:10.5964/jspp.v4i1.463.
- Van Rythoven, E. (2015).
- Vogel, D. (2008). Highly Active Immigrants. A Resource for European Civil Societies, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, p. 18.
- Wæver. (2003).
- Williams, M. (2003).
- Wohlfeld. (2014). Is migration a security issue. 61-77, Msida, Malta: MEDAC.
Cite this article
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APA : Khan, R. A. A., Shah, M. H., & Ahmad, N. u. B. (2020). Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter. Global Mass Communication Review, V(IV), 186-203. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2020(V-IV).14
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CHICAGO : Khan, Raja Arslan Ahmad, Mudassar Hussain Shah, and Noor ul Bashar Ahmad. 2020. "Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter." Global Mass Communication Review, V (IV): 186-203 doi: 10.31703/gmcr.2020(V-IV).14
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HARVARD : KHAN, R. A. A., SHAH, M. H. & AHMAD, N. U. B. 2020. Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter. Global Mass Communication Review, V, 186-203.
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MHRA : Khan, Raja Arslan Ahmad, Mudassar Hussain Shah, and Noor ul Bashar Ahmad. 2020. "Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter." Global Mass Communication Review, V: 186-203
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MLA : Khan, Raja Arslan Ahmad, Mudassar Hussain Shah, and Noor ul Bashar Ahmad. "Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter." Global Mass Communication Review, V.IV (2020): 186-203 Print.
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OXFORD : Khan, Raja Arslan Ahmad, Shah, Mudassar Hussain, and Ahmad, Noor ul Bashar (2020), "Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter", Global Mass Communication Review, V (IV), 186-203
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TURABIAN : Khan, Raja Arslan Ahmad, Mudassar Hussain Shah, and Noor ul Bashar Ahmad. "Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter." Global Mass Communication Review V, no. IV (2020): 186-203. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2020(V-IV).14